Table 2 Stress induced carotenoids in microalgae (Adapted from Chokshi et al. [41])
From: Microalgae cultivation and value-based products from wastewater: insights and applications
Products | Microalgae | Stress condition | Stress parameters | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Astaxanthin, β-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, cryptoxanthin | Spirulina platensis | Addition of 2–8 mM H2O2 | CAT, APX, SOD, ascorbic acid, glutathione, tocopherols | El-Baky et al. [57] |
Carotenoids | Dunaliella salina | N2 depletion + high light (240 μmol m-2 s-1) | Isoforms of SOD | Saha et al. [219] |
Astaxanthin, lutein, β-carotene | Haematococcus MT 2877 | High light (250 μmol m-2 s-1) | – | Hu et al. [90] |
Lutein | Chlorella protothecoides | 0.1 mM H2O2+ 0.01 mM NaClO+ 0.5 mM Fe2+ | – | Wei et al. [258] |
β-Carotene | Dunaliella salina | 1–3 M NaCl+1mM n-propyl gallate | Ascorbate, H2O2, SOD, CAT, APX, MDA | Einali and Valizadeh [56] |
β-Carotene | Dunaliella bardawil | High light (500 W/m2); + ROS-generating chemicals | SOD, CAT | Shaish et al. [225] |
Astaxanthin | Chlorococcum sp. | 0.1 mM H2O2 | – | M. Chen et al [32] |
Astaxanthin | Chlorella zofingiensis | 0.001–10 mM H2O2 and NaClO | – | Ip and Chen [93] |
Astaxanthin | Haematococcus pluvialis | 450 μM iron + high temperature (30–36°C) | H2O2, O•2- , 1O2, OH | Hong et al. [86] |