Table 2 Application of prebiotics in aquaculture

Fructooligosaccharide, galactooligosaccharide, and mannooligosaccharide

Positive effect on growth and health conditions

Clarias gariepinus

[89]

Fructooligosaccharide, xylooligosaccharides chitosan, β-glucan and mannooligosaccharide

Improves stress resistance and survival rates

Hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)

[319]

Mannan oligosaccharides with vit E

Enhances the reproductive performance

Oreochromis niloticus

[253]

Chito-oligosaccharide

Improves growth performance and innate immunity

Oreochromis niloticus

[197]

Chito-oligosaccharide

Improves intestinal health, changed autochthonous gut bacteria, and resistance against A. hydrophila infection

Hybrid tilapia

(Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus)

[213]

Chitosan

Promotes growth, intestinal morphology, innate immunity, and antioxidant capacity

Oreochromis niloticus

[159]

Fructooligosaccharides (scFOS), xylooligosaccharides (XOS) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS)

Enhances immunity

Diplodus sargus

[101]

Inulin, glactooligosacharides and D-sorbitol

Improves the growth performance, serum complement and cytokine levels, lysozyme activity and intestinal antioxidant capacity. Modified gut microbial composition

Nibea coibor

[158]

Inulin

Promotes growth and biochemical parameters, as well as serum immunity and mucosal immune responses

Oncorhynchus mykkis

[91]

Inulin

Enhances growth performance, immuno-haematological indices

Oreochromis niloticus

[301]

Inulin and jerusalem artichoke tuber

Positive effects on growth and health

Oreochromis niloticus

[271]

Fructooligosaccharides

Improves growth performance, survival rate, and digestive capacity, and could contribute to the reinforcement of the intestinal barrier function

Atractosteus tropicus

[207]

Fructooligosaccharides

Enhances growth, digestive enzyme activities, gut morphology and intestinal barrier function

Atractosteus tropicus

[239]

Fucoidan

Improves the growth by promoting digestive tract maturation and maintaining an ideal intestinal microbial composition

Larimichthys crocea

[308, 309]

Mannan-oligosaccharide

Enhances growth and the activity of digestive enzymes

Atractosteus tropicus

[176]

Fructooligosaccharide

Increases the growth, digestion and immune activities

Lateolabrax japonicus

[283]

Fructooligosaccharide (FOS), galactooligosaccharide (GOS), mannanoligosaccharide (MOS), inulin, β-glucan, isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO) and xylooligosaccharide (XOS)

Pathogen exclusion, improve digestion and nutrient absorption and modification of gut microbiota

Litopenaeus vannamei

[317]

Mannan-oligosaccharide and inulin

Increase in growth

Litopenaeus vannamei

[277]