Table 1 Applications of probiotics in aquaculture

Lactococcus lactis

Exclusion of pathogenic bacteria, boosting food nutritional value, enhancing the host immune response against pathogenic microorganisms

Oreochromis niloticus

[31]

Streptococcus agalactiae, Bacillus cereus NY5 and B. subtilis

Promotes growth and disease resistance, improves gut immune status, intestinal morphology, and intestinal microbial community composition

Oreochromis niloticus

[138]

Enterococcus xiangfangensis (GFB-1), Pseudomonas stutzeri (GFB-2), Bacillus subtilis, Citrobacter freundii, and P. aeruginosa

Improves growth, histological and hematological parameters, reproductive performances, enhancement of digestive enzyme activities and lactic acid bacteria composition in the gut

Barbonymus gonionotus

[233]

Bacillus cereus, Geotrichum candidum

Increases growth, feed utilization capacity, haematological profile and digestive enzyme activities

Labeo rohita

[94]

Bacillus cereus

Enhances growth performance, nutrient retention, elevated digestives enzyme activities of protease, amylase and cellulase

Cirrhinus mrigala

[21]

B. amyloliquefaciens BN06, B. subtilis WN07and B. megaterium CT03

Increases growth, hemato-immunological and enzymatic activity

Labeo rohita

[235]

B. amyloliquefaciens BN06, B. subtilis WN07and B.megaterium CT03

Enhances growth, health status, and economic viability

Heteropneustes fossilis

[252]

Bacillus licheniformis, B. subtillis, B. polymyxa, B. pumilus, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. megaterium, B. coagulans, Aspergillus niger, and A. oryzae, B.licheniformis, Rhodococcus spp., Rhodobacter spp., Nitrosomonas, and Nitrobacter

Improves growth, feed utilization, non-specific immune responses and disease resistance

Cyprinus carpio

[103]

Bacillus subtilis

Improves intestinal histological features, immune responses and disease resistance

Lates calcarifer

[232]

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

Influences fish growth, immunity, and lipid metabolism

Oreochromis niloticus

[246]

Lactic Acid Bacillus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces boulardii

Enhances growth and survival rate

Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

[51]

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

Boost immunity and survival rate

Labeo rohita

[18]

L. plantarum

Improved the growth, survival rates, disease resistance, intestinal integrity and intestinal enzyme activities

Larimichthys crocea

[163, 165]

Streptococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacillus mesentericus

Enhancement of immune response, growth and antioxidant enzymatic activity

Pagrus major

[241]

B. subtilis

Increases immunity and survival rate

Labeo rohita

[250]

Bacillus coagulans

Positive regulation of intestinal immunity, barrier function and inflammatory responses

Macrobrachium rosenbergii

[316]

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum1 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum2

Enhances nutrient utilization, digestive enzymes, and metabolism by increasing the gut surface area of juvenile fish

Lates calcarifer

[77]

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

Increases feed conversion ratio, growth, survival rate

Oncorhynchus mykiss

[210]

Bacillus subtilis and B. licheniformis

Accelerates reproductive performance

Red Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. mossambicus)

[74]

Bacillus subtilis strains-BS, 6–3-1, and HAINUP40

Promotes growth and immunity

Hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscpguttatus x Epinephelus lanceolatus)

[105, 107]